Tricuspid valve (tricuspid valve) is a valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart, represented by three connective tissue plates, which during systole of the right ventricle prevent regurgitation (reverse flow) of blood into the right atrium.

Stenosis (Greek: στενός - —narrow, tight") or stricture (Latin strictura - —compression") is a persistent narrowing of the lumen of any hollow anatomical structure of the body. For example, there are vascular stenoses, trachea, intestines, bile duct, spinal canal, skull, etc. Congenital local aortic stenosis is called aortic coarctation. Narrowing of the urethral lumen, which develops as a result of the scar-sclerotic process — stricture of the urethra. The stricture of the larynx is one of the causes of articulation of sound. Organ stenosis can be either congenital or caused by any local or systemic pathological process - proliferative inflammation, tumor growth, metabolic disorders, etc. The diagnosis of stenosis is based on examination data, including X-rays and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Systolic blood pressure is

the pressure of blood in the arteries during ventricular systole.

Raynaud's syndrome refers to vasospastic diseases, it is an angiotrophoneurosis with a predominant lesion of small terminal arteries and arterioles. The disease affects the upper extremities, as a rule, symmetrically and bilaterally. It occurs in 3-5% of the population, in women 5 times more often than in men. It was first described in 1862 by the French physician Maurice Raynaud (A. G. Maurice Raynaud) (1834-1881).

Marfan Syndrome (Marfan's disease) — an autosomal dominant disease from the group of hereditary pathologies of connective tissue. The syndrome is caused by a mutation of the gene encoding the synthesis of fibrillin-1 glycoprotein and is pleiotropic. The disease is characterized by different penetrance and expressiveness. In classic cases, individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall (dolichostenomelia), have elongated limbs, elongated fingers (arachnodactyly) and underdevelopment of fatty tissue. In addition to the characteristic changes in the organs of the musculoskeletal system (elongated tubular bones of the skeleton, hypermobility of joints), pathology is observed in the organs of vision and the cardiovascular system, which in classical versions makes up the Marfan triad. Without treatment, the life expectancy of people with Marfan syndrome is often limited to 30-40 years, and death occurs due to a delaminating aortic aneurysm or congestive heart failure. In countries with developed healthcare, patients are successfully treated and live to an advanced age. Hereditary disease.

Lerish syndrome is a syndrome caused by obliterating atherosclerosis of the arteries of the legs, including intermittent lameness, pelvic disorders, pallor of the shins and feet.

Dressler syndrome — Postinfarction syndrome (or Dressler syndrome) is a reactive autoimmune complication of myocardial infarction that develops 2-6 weeks after its onset.

Syndrome (other -Greek: συνδρομή "confluence, accumulation"; from συν- "c-, co-" + δρόμος "running, movement") is a set of symptoms with common etiology and pathogenesis. In a broad sense, the syndrome is a complex of organically interconnected features united by a single mechanism of occurrence and development of the phenomenon under consideration, not necessarily related to pathology (disease).

Symptomatic arterial hypertension is arterial hypertension that occurs against the background of existing diseases of internal organs.

Sympathectomy is an operation of resection of the sympathetic nerve trunk to treat hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) on the arms and armpits.

The sympathetic nervous system (from Greek συμπαθής sensitive, sympathetic) is a part of the autonomous (autonomic) nervous system, the ganglia of which are located at a considerable distance from the innervated organs. Activation causes the excitation of cardiac activity. The name "sympathetic nervous system" was first used in 1732 by Jacob Winslow and was initially used to refer to the entire autonomous nervous system. Subsequently, this term was used to refer to only a part of the nervous system.

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle during systole into the aorta. It is the most important criterion for assessing the contractility of the heart.

Cardiac glycosides are a group of herbal medicines that have cardiotonic and antiarrhythmic effects in therapeutic doses and are used to treat heart failure of various etiologies. They increase the efficiency of the myocardium, ensuring economical and at the same time effective activity of the human heart. In large doses, these substances are cardiac poisons.

Heart failure (Latin Vitium cordis) is a syndrome caused by decompensated myocardial dysfunction. It is manifested by an increase in the volume of intercellular fluid and a decrease in perfusion of organs and tissues. The pathophysiological basis of this syndrome is that the heart cannot meet the metabolic needs of the body due to impaired pumping function or does so by increasing the end-diastolic pressure in the ventricles. In some patients with heart failure, there is no violation of pumping function, and clinical manifestations occur due to impaired filling or emptying of the chambers of the heart. Myocardial dysfunction (systolic or diastolic) is initially asymptomatic and only then can heart failure manifest itself.Depending on how fast heart failure develops, it is divided into acute and chronic. Acute heart failure can be associated with injuries, the effects of toxins, heart disease and, without treatment, can quickly lead to death. Chronic heart failure develops over a long time and is manifested by a complex of characteristic symptoms (shortness of breath, fatigue and decreased physical activity, edema, etc.), which are associated with inadequate perfusion of organs and tissues at rest or under stress and often with fluid retention in the body.

Congestive heart failure

is a hemodynamic disorder caused by the inability of the heart to pump blood and characterized by stagnation of blood in the internal organs.

Cardiac asthma is attacks of suffocation from several minutes to several hours with myocardial infarction, cardiosclerosis, heart defects and other diseases associated with heart failure. Pulmonary edema may develop.

The blood coagulation system is a system consisting of biological factors, the main purpose of which is to quickly stop bleeding.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus — insulin-independent diabetes, which occurs due to the relative insufficiency of insulin and a decrease in tissue sensitivity to insulin.

Scar tissue is connective tissue that appears in the area of necrosis (myocardial infarction).

Relapse (from Latin. recidivus — "resuming") — the repeated manifestation of something (usually negative). Relapse (medicine) is a recurrence of the disease after an apparent complete recovery. Recidivism of crimes is in criminal law, the commission of a crime by a person who already has a criminal record. "Relapse" (English Repossessed) is a 1990 American comedy film starring the famous comedian Leslie Nielsen, shot in the genre of film parody.

Receptors are a combination of terminals (nerve endings) of dendrites of sensitive neurons, glia, specialized formations of intercellular matter and specialized cells of other tissues, which together ensure the transformation of stimuli from the external or internal environment (stimuli) into a nerve impulse. In some receptors (for example, human taste and auditory receptors), the stimulus is directly perceived by specialized cells of epithelial origin or modified nerve cells (sensitive elements of the retina), which do not generate nerve impulses, but act on the nerve endings innervating them, changing the secretion of the mediator. In other cases, the only cellular element of the receptor complex is the nerve ending itself, often associated with special structures of intercellular matter (for example, the Pacini corpuscle).

Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a form of cardiomyopathy in which myocardial rigidity is observed, and therefore blood filling of the heart chambers is limited. Due to a decrease in blood flow, diastolic dysfunction gradually develops, leading to heart failure.

Renostenosis is the repeated narrowing of a heart valve or artery after surgical expansion.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism is the reaction of the kidneys and adrenal glands to hypotension, which consists in a persistent increase in pressure. The mechanism consists in the production of renin, which activates the angiotensin converting enzyme. The angiotensin II produced increases blood pressure. And aldosterone increases BCC by increasing the reabsorption of osmotically active substances.

Reconstructive surgery is an operative intervention in order to restore the normal, anatomical integrity of an organ, tissue or vessel.

Regurgitation (Latin prefix re - — reverse action, + lat. gurgitare to flood) is the rapid movement of liquids or gases in the opposite direction to normal, which occurred in a hollow muscular organ as a result of contraction of its wall.The most common cause of regurgitation (in the gastrointestinal tract) is a violation of the function of sphincters or valves (for example, in the gastrointestinal tract in the area of entry and exit from the stomach) or dividing walls (for example, heart valves), or with an antiperistaltic wave of contraction of the muscular wall of the organ. Regurgitation differs from reflux (for example, gastro-esophageal reflux, with passive leakage of fluid into adjacent spaces) in that it is a consequence of active muscle contraction.

Rheumatism (from the Greek. ῥεῦμα, "flow, flow" — spreading (through the body); also Sokolsky's disease-Buyo) is a systemic inflammatory disease of connective tissue with a predominant localization of the pathological process in the membranes of the heart. In modern medical literature, this term has been replaced by the generally accepted worldwide "acute rheumatic fever", which is due to the contradictory understanding of the term "rheumatism" in Russia. In other countries, the term "rheumatism" is used to describe lesions of the periarticular soft tissues. In the layman's understanding, this term refers to diseases of the musculoskeletal system.